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Durkheim structural functionalism theory4/10/2024 ![]() Societies with mechanical solidarity act in a mechanical fashion things are done mostly because they have always been done that way. Preindustrial societies, Durkheim explained, were held together by mechanical solidarity, a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture. In his book The Division of Labor in Society (1893), Durkheim argued that as society grew more complex, social order made the transition from mechanical to organic. His primary concern was that the cultural glue that held society together was failing, and people were becoming more divided. ![]() Durkheim called these elements of society “social facts.” By this, he meant that social forces were to be considered real and existed outside the individual.Īs an observer of his social world, Durkheim was not entirely satisfied with the direction of society in his day. “An act offends the common consciousness not because it is criminal, but it is criminal because it offends that consciousness” (Durkheim 1893). “A crime is a crime because we condemn it,” Durkheim wrote in 1893. That is, punishment of a crime reaffirms our moral consciousness. Even the socially deviant members of society are necessary, Durkheim argued, as punishments for deviance affirm established cultural values and norms. Durkheim also believed that social integration, or the strength of ties that people have to their social groups, was a key factor in social life.įollowing the ideas of Comte and Spencer, Durkheim likened society to that of a living organism, in which each organ plays a necessary role in keeping the being alive. In his quest to understand what causes individuals to act in similar and predictable ways, he wrote, “If I do not submit to the conventions of society, if in my dress I do not conform to the customs observed in my country and in my class, the ridicule I provoke, the social isolation in which I am kept, produce, although in an attenuated form, the same effects as punishment” (Durkheim 1895). Durkheim called the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society the collective conscience. He asserted that individual behavior was not the same as collective behavior and that studying collective behavior was quite different from studying an individual’s actions. ![]() To Durkheim, society was greater than the sum of its parts. \)Īs a functionalist, Émile Durkheim’s (1858–1917) perspective on society stressed the necessary interconnectivity of all of its elements.
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